高考被动语态的用法归纳-被动语态高考题

1.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-使用被动语态应受哪些限制

2.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-非谓语动词1

3.高考英语卷子中的短文改错，请解释以下内容

4.英语高手进来！

5.英语问题

6.高三高考跪求英语时态的总结?

高考英语语法:高中英语语法-使用被动语态应受哪些限制

《高中英语语法-使用被动语态应受哪些限制》由英语我整理,更多请访问:。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。

使用被动语态应受哪些限制

英语和汉语一样，其动作都有主动和被动之分，汉语中不是所有的动词都可采用被动结构；同样道理，英语中也有不少动词不能用于被动结构，即被动语态。英语中，除不及物动词---即后面不能加宾语的动词不能用于被动语态外，还有下列情况不能使用被动语态的结构：

一、表示静态、容纳、适合等的及物动词。例如：

She has a nice car．

The woolen coat fits her well．

二、宾语是动词不定式、动名词。例如：

They promised me to go with me．

Mr．Smith wanted to have a try．

I enjoy listening to pop music．

三、宾语是反身代词。例如：

She hurt herself this morning．

They warned themselves to be careful．

四、宾语是人身上的一部分或器官。例如：

He put his hand on his chest and began to cough．

I could hardly believe my ears．

五、宾语是相互代词。例如：

They help each other in study．

We must learn from each other．

六、表示地点、处所、机构、团体、组织的名词作宾语。例如：

She joined the Party last year．

My dad reached Beijing this afternoon．

七、宾语表示行为、方式，在意义上相当于状语。例如：

She did her best．

We shall make up our minds．

八、宾语表示数量、重量、长度、大小等，在意义上相当于状语。例如：

They walked two miles．

The film lasted one and a half hours．

This desk weighs 10kilograms．

九、系动词sound，look，become，appear等也不能用于被动语态。例如：

Miss Li became a doctor ten years ago．

This plan sounds a good one．

十、一些词，如happen，take place，occur，last，belong to等等，在汉语角度看来可用被动结构，但英语只能用主动结构。例如：

Great changes have taken place in my hometown since 1949．

This car belongs to my uncle．

十一、及物动词及其宾语在意义上构成不可分割的固定词组。例如：

I made faces to have the baby laugh．

We should never lose heart．

十二、一些宾语从句也不能变成被动语态，否则意义就变了。例如：

I knew that I was wrong then．（我认识到当时我错了。）

It was known that I was wrong then．

＝I was known to be wrong then．（人们知道当时我错了。）

十三、当宾语是抽象名词时。例如：

We showed special interest in science．

十四、当宾语为同源宾语时。例如：

We lived a hard life in the old days．

总之，能否用被动语态，除了应了解英语的一些语法规则之外，还要充分考虑汉语的说话习惯，掌握其普通规律，同时注意一些特殊情况，否则就会出现"中国式英语"，也没法学到"地道的英语"。 《高中英语语法-使用被动语态应受哪些限制》由英语我整理,更多请访问: style="font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;border-left: 4px solid #a10d00;margin: 10px 0px 15px 0px;padding: 10px 0 10px 20px;background: #f1dada;">高考英语语法:高中英语语法-非谓语动词1

《高中英语语法-非谓语动词1》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。

非谓语动词1

动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,因为不是谓语,也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语,分词短语,动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样,应用广泛,且在句中起着很活跃的作用,也是语法项目中的重点和难点,学好非谓语动词,才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。

动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用,所以叫做非谓语动词。

(一)动词不定式:

动词不定式由"to+ 动词原形"构成,如:to study, to play,动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用,但仍留着动词的特征,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。

1、动词不定式的形式变化:动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。

语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式

主 动 to build to have built to be building to have been building

被 动 to be build to have been build

2、动词不定式的基本用法:动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用,如:

(1)作主语:To help each other is good.(动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.

(2)作表语:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语,与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的谓语动词为is,动词不定式to set up? 为表语,主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语,即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语,主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的)。

(3)作宾语:①作及物动词的宾语,如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容词的宾语:可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

(4)作宾语补足语,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.

(5)动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如:I don't think it right to do it that way.

(6)作定语:动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.

(7)作状语:动词不定式可以作下列的状语:①目的状语: Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或为了),但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可强调目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式,表示"足能?"的结果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now.

3、复合结构不定式:由for + 名词(或代词宾格)+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语,这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day.

4、疑问词 + 动词不定式:疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

5、动词不定式的否定式:动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成,如:It's wrong of you not to attend the meeting.

6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:(1)一般式:动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同时);(2)完成式:动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)进行式:动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中,而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.

7、动词不定式的被动语态用法:如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般就用被动语态形式,如:What is to be done next hasn't been decided yet.

练习、非谓语动词(一)

1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.

A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how

2. Paul said, "Give me a chair _____."

A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on

3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.

A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice

4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .

A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving

5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.

A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help

6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.

A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be

7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.

A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place

C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place

8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.

A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting

9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.

A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils

10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?

A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat

1~5 DDACC 6~10 BCCAD 《高中英语语法-非谓语动词1》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com

高考英语卷子中的短文改错，请解释以下内容

短文改错有时候单看一行是很难发现错误的，必须通篇考虑来做改动。下面给你几个例子吧。

It rained very heavy last summer and the little 1___

stream near our house became a big river.It burst banks 2

and the fields all around was soon full of water.Luckily 3

the water didn’t reach for any of the houses in our 4___

village.And the bursting water from the river 5___

carry away our beautiful wooden bridge,which 6___

was more than three hundred years old and we were 7___

very sorry to lose the oldest things that we have had 8___

for so long time.We’re building a new one,but it 9____

will not be the same bridge which we had before. 10___

答案：

1.heavy—heavily （形副倒置） 2. banks前加 its（限定词不能少）

3. was—were （主谓一致，主语fileds故谓语were） 4. 去掉 for （reach为及物动词直接跟宾语）

5. And—But （前后为转折关系） 6. carry—carried （整体时态为过去式）

7.正确 8. have—had

9. time前加 a （固定短语） 10. which--as（the same。。 as为固定搭配，as引导定语从句）

上面的文章中第一空即为形副倒置。第四空多一个介词。第五空转换连接词用错。第六，八空为动词时态错误。

另外几种错误我以单句改错的形式来解释。

1.I wanted to swim in the river, where some woman villagers were washing clothes。答案：woman改为women。此为名词单复数错误。

2.rule.Books in library put in a certain order to help people find that they want. 答案：put前加are构成被动语态。此为动词语态错误

6......After eating the big meal, she told me that we must leave .答案：讲she改为he。（文章前部分讲述的是我和表弟去吃饭）此为偷换主语或宾语（好多情况也是宾语出这样的错），而这种错误往往是要通过上下文或通篇看文章才能发现的。

7.双谓语错误：He will do what he can become famous。答案：become前加to。因为不加to的话，become famous为谓语动词形式，而该句子已经有谓语will do，不能再来一个谓语（英语中一个独立的句子只能有一个谓语），所以加to，to become famous为不定式做目的状语。

英语高手进来！

奥运英语词汇

2008夏季奥运会 2008 summer Olympics

国际奥委会 the International Olympic Committee (IOC)

申办城市 the bidding cities

候选城市 the candidate cities

申办2008年奥运会 bid for 2008 Olympics

北京奥申委 Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Bidding Committee (BOBCO)

主办2008年奥运会 host the 2008 Olympic Games

奥林匹克精神 the Olympic ideals; the Olympic spirit

世界奥林匹克日 the International Olympic Day

绿色奥运 the Green Olympics

科技奥运 the Scientific Games

友好大使 the Goodwill Ambassador

长跑 a long-distance running

国家体育总局State Sport General Administration

中华全国体育总会 All-China Sports Federation

中国奥林匹克委员会 Chinese Olympic Committee

中国田径协会 Chinese Athletics Association

中国足球协会 Chinese Football Association

中国篮球协会 Chinese Basketball Association

中国排球协会 Chinese Volleyball Association

中国游泳协会 Chinese Swimming Association

中国网球协会 Chinese Tennis Association

中国桥牌协会 Chinese Bridge Association

中国武术协会 Chinese Wushu Association

中国乒乓球协会 Chinese Table-tennis Association

中国羽毛球协会 Chinese Badminton Association

中国滑冰协会 Chinese Skating Association

中国自行车协会 Chinese Cycling Association

中国健美操协会 Chinese Aerobic Association

中国柔道协会 Chinese Judo Association

中国拳击协会 Chinese Boxing Association

回答者： wangyufu63 - 初入江湖 二级 4-19 08:06

2008夏季奥运会 2008 summer Olympics

国际奥委会 the International Olympic Committee (IOC)

申办城市 the bidding cities

候选城市 the candidate cities

申办2008年奥运会 bid for 2008 Olympics

北京奥申委 Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Bidding Committee (BOBCO)

主办2008年奥运会 host the 2008 Olympic Games

奥林匹克精神 the Olympic ideals; the Olympic spirit

世界奥林匹克日 the International Olympic Day

环境保护 protect the environment

北京四环路 the fourth ring road in Beijing

城市基础设施建设 the city's infrastructure construction

最后的投票 make the final vote

绿色奥运 the Green Olympics

科技奥运 the Scientific Games

节水龙头 water-saving taps

再生纸 recycled writing paper

废电池 used batteries

无氟冰箱 Freon-free refrigerators

闭路电视 close-circuit television

友好大使 the Goodwill Ambassador

长跑 a long-distance running

奥林匹克徽记

国际奥委会批准的一种把奥林匹克五环标志与另一独特元素组合在一起的设计图案。

Olympic Emblem

A design, as approved by the IOC, integrating the Olympic Symbol with another distinctive element.

神七凯旋之际，我们一起来学习一下相关航天词汇：

“神舟号” Shenzhou (Divine Vessel)

神舟七号 Shenzhou VII

载人飞船 manned spaceship/ spacecraft

载人航天 manned space flight

载人航天计划 manned space program

航天服 space suit

无人飞船 unmanned spaceship / spacecraft

试验太空船 Experimental Spacecraft

多级火箭 multistage rocket

太空舱 capsule

返回式卫星 recoverable satellite

通信卫星 communication satellite

遥感卫星 remote sensing satellite

运载火箭 carrier rocket; Rocket launcher

长征二号F运载火箭 Long March II F carrier rocket（“神舟七号”运载火箭）

有效载荷能力 payload capability

近地轨道 low Earth orbit

气象卫星 weather satellite; Meteorological satellite

太阳同步轨道卫星 satellite in Sun-synchronous orbit

同步轨道卫星 geosynchronous satellite

轨道舱 orbital module

返回舱 re-entry module

推进舱 propelling module

指令舱 command module

服务舱 service module

太空行走 space walk

舱外活动（即“太空行走”） extra-vehicular activity(EVA)

发射台 launch pad

紧急供氧装置 emergency oxygen apparatus

空间物理探测 space physics exploration

国际空间站 International Space Station

太阳能电池板 solar panel

太空升降舱 space elevator

外太空 outer space; Deep space

银河系 Milky Way

阿波罗号宇宙飞船 Apollo

美国航空航天管理局 NASA (The National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

发射卫星 launch a satellite

发射升空 blast off

发射台 launch pad

轨道 orbit

人造卫星 artificial satellite

天线 antenna

着陆架 landing pad

定向天线 directional antenna

上升段 ascent stage

下降段 descent stage

舱口 hatch

扶梯 ladder

应急供氧装置 emergency oxygen apparatus

生命维持系统 life support system

地面操作系统 ground operation system

逃逸塔 escape tower

消毒服 sterilized uniforms

空间遥测系统 space telemetry network

领航宇航员 lead astronaut

四川地震词汇专题

（高考英语复习冲刺）

一、灾难发生

1. 惊悉。。。I was shocked to learn the news that…

2. 一场8.0级强烈地震在周一袭击了中国四川。 A disastrous/destructive/severe/terrible earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 occurred in/struck China's Sichuan province on Monday.

3. 几秒钟 in a matter of seconds

4. 成为废墟 in ruins; The city lay in ruins after the earthquake.

5. 夺去成千上万人的生命 deprive millions of people of their lives; claim millions of lives/victims

6. 成千上万人受伤 injure thousands of people

7. 在地震中幸存 survive the earthquake; survivor; survival

8. 伤随处可见。Death and suffering are everywhere to be seen.

9. 使成千上万的人无家可归 make thousands of people homeless

10. 大楼倒塌 The buildings collapsed.

11. 目击山体滑坡 witness the landslide

12. 悲剧/自然灾害是无法避免与预测的 A tragedy/natural disaster is so unavoidable and unpredictable

13. 遭受巨大损失 suffer heavy losses

二、救援

（一）医疗

1. 医务人员 medical workers

2. 由军人，医生和志愿者组成的救援队 rescue team made up of soldiers, doctors and volunteers

3. 到达现场 arrive at the scene; rush to the scene

4. 发现生还者的希望渺茫 There is little possibility that more survivors will be found.

5. 国际援助 international contributions

6. 在。。。的领导下 under the leadership of

7. 在。。。的帮助下 with the help of

8. 献出精力devote one’s time and energy to; be dedicated to

9. 不遗余力spare no effort/pains to do; make every effort to do

10. 全力以赴 go all out to do

11. 尊重救援人员 pay respect to those involved in the rescue work

12. 医疗供给 medical supply

13. 迫切需要药品和净水 Medicine and clean water is badly needed.

14. 受到传染病的威胁 be threatened with the outbreak of some infectious diseases

15. 停止疾病传播 stop the spread of the disease

（二）灾民

1. 绝望 in despair; a desperate look

2. 非常渴望 be desperate for

3. 共同努力 with our joint/combined efforts

4. 食物和衣物food and clothing

5. 前来救援 come to one’s aid/ help/ rescue

6. 有勇气做某事have the courage to do; It was courageous of sb. to do; be brave enough to do

7. 有信心做某事be confident of; have the confidence in

8. 安慰灾民 send relief to those made homeless by earthquake; provide relief for refugees

9. 心理治疗 mental treatment

三、情感表达

1. 担忧be concerned about

2. 关心 care for

3. 关注 focus (one’s attention, care) on

4. 哀悼 mourn for; We all mourn the destruction of the cities.

5. 表达同情 convey one’s sympathy; sympathize; sympathetic

6. 一同悲伤 share one’s sadness

7. 感人瞬间 touching moments

四、其他

1. 称赞 pay compliment to

2. 高度赞扬 sing high praise for

3. 不屈不挠 perseverance

4. 创造奇迹 work wonders/ perform (achieve) miracles

5. 众志成城 Unity is strength.

6. 重建家园 rebuild one’s homes

7. 号召某人做某事appeal to sb to do; call on sb to do

8. 向救灾组织捐款contribute/donate large sums of money to relief organization

9. 全国哀悼日 National mourning

10. 里氏震级 Richter Scale (1—10)

11. 贫困地区 poverty-stricken area

英语问题

不是你这样的理解：

1、the meeting were held yesterday是一句话，

“这次会议是昨天召开的”

有主语，有谓语成分。当然，句子使用了被动语态。

2、the meeting held yesterday则不是一句完整的话。

它可以看做是一个名词性短语，意思是“昨天召开的那次会议”。

其中心语是the meeting，

held yesterday是中心词的附属成分，

或看做是以the meeting为中心词的从句成分。

它只是一句话中的 一部分，如：

Have you attended the meeting held yesterday?

所以 有无be动词，意义是完全不一样的

高三高考跪求英语时态的总结?

一、一般时态

1、一般现在时

(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如：

1)The moon moves round the earth..

2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.

(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.

(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：

1)The plane leaves at three sharp.

2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.

(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.

2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.

2.一般过去时

(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：

We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如：

1)He always went to class last.

2)I used to do my homework in the library.

(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)

3.一般将来时

1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：

I shall graduate next year.

2)几种替代形式：

1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：

I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.

2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：

I am to play tennis this afternoon.

3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：

He was about to start.

4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：

The train is due to depart in ten minutes.

5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：

The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.

二、进行时态

1.现在进行时

(1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如：

Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：

My father is forever criticizing me.

(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：

They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.

(4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：

1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?

(look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”)

2)Tom is looking for his books.

(look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”)

2.过去进行时

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：

1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

3.将来进行时

将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：

1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?

4.完成进行时

(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。

三、完成时态

完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：

1.现在完成时

(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如：

1)I have just finished my homework.

2)Mary has been ill for three days.

(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：

1)I haven’t been there for five years.

2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.

(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：

This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：

(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

2.过去完成时

(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：

1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：

I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.

另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：

1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：

We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：

I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

3.将来完成时

将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：

1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

4.完成进行时

完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。

(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：

By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

四：时态一致

时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：

1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态

He says that he lives in Wuhan.

We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”

“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”

“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”

2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态

He said he was writing a novel.

The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

He said his father had been an engineer.

3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：

The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。

4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况

利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：

We insisted that we do it ourselves.

动词的语态

语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)

2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)

1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语

(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。

(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。

2.被动语态的时态形式

常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。

表1

时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时 进行时 完成时

现在 am asked am being asked

is asked is being asked

are asked are being asked

过去

was be asked was being asked

were be asked were being asked

将来 shall be asked shall have been asked

will be asked will have been asked

过去 should be asked should have been asked

将来 would be asked would have been asked

3.短语动词的被动语态

短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：

1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.

4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态

“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：

get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)

get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)

get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)

get married(结婚)

5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态

(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：

1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)

2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)

3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)

(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：

1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)

2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)

6.被动语态与系表结构的区别

(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)

(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)

7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思

例1：The book is selling remarkably well.

例2：The song sounds very beautiful.

能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。

例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。

例4：The meat is cooking.

例5：The book written by the professor is printing.