2015高考试卷全国卷1_2015高考题答案

2015年高考英语同步训练之动词的时态和语态

Ⅰ.单项填空

2013年高考真题：

1. “What do you want to be？” asked Mrs. Crawford. “Oh, I ______ president，” said the boy, with a *** ile.(湖南)

A. have been B. am

C. was D. will be

2. Around two o'clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ______ us.(湖南)

A. bothers B. had bothered

C. would bother D. bothered

3. If nothing ______， the oceans will turn into fish deserts.(湖南)

A. does B. had been done

C. will do D. is done

4. — Have you heard about the recent election?

— Sure, it ______ the only thing on the news for the last three days.(湖南)

A. would be B. is

C. has been D. will be

5. — I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.

— I'm so sorry. But I ______ my homework. (湖南)

A. had done B. was doing

C. would do D. am doing

6. Shakespeare's play Hamlet ______ into at least ten different films over the past years. (北京)

A. had been made B. was made

C. has been made D. would be made

7. — Do you think Mom and Dad ______ late?

— No, Swiss Air is usually on time.(北京)

A. were B. will be

C. would be D. have been

8. Hurry up! Mark and Carol ______ us.(北京)

A. expect B. are expecting

C. have expected D. will expect

9. — So what is the procedure?

— All the applicants ______ before a final decision is made by the authority. (北京)

A. interview

B. are interviewing

C. are interviewed

D. are being interviewed

10. We ______ very early so we packed the night before.(新课标Ⅱ)

A. leave B. had left

C. were leaving D. have left

11. If we ______ now to protect the environment, we'll live to regret it. (新课标Ⅰ)

A. hadn't acted B. haven't acted

C. don't act D. won't act

12. When I first met Bryan I didn't like him, but I ______ my mind.(新课标Ⅰ)

A. have changed B. change

C. had changed D. would change

13. I ______ to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.(江西)

A. e B. came

C. am ing D. was ing

14. He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he ______ it for a very long time. (辽宁)

A. has had B. had had

C. has D. had

15. We are confident that the environment ______ by our further efforts to reduce pollution.(辽宁)

A. had been improved

B. will be improved

C. is improved

D. was improved

16. I didn't think I'd like the movie, but actually it ______ pretty good. (山东)

A. has been B. was

C. had been D. would be

17. — Oh no! We're too late. The train ______.

— That's OK. We'll catch the next train to London. (山东)

A. was leaving B. had left

C. has left D. has been leaving

18. The famous musician, as well as his students, ______ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.(福建)

A. were invited

B. was invited

C. have been invited

D. has been invited

19. The girl has a great interest in sport and ______ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.(福建)

A. took B. is taking

C. takes D. has been taking

20. Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others ______ essential to their development.(江苏)

A. is B. are

C. was D. were

21. — Could I use your car tomorrow morning?

— Sure. I ______ a report at home.(江苏)

A. will be writing B. will have written

C. have written D. have been writing

22. — What about your self?drive trip yesterday?

— Tiring! The road is being widened, and we ______ a rough ride.(江苏)

A. had B. have

C. would have D. have had

23. On Monday mornings it usually ______ me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. (陕西)

A. takes B. is taking

C. took D. will take

24. Jim ______ a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.(陕西)

A. watched B. had watched

C. was watching D. would be watching

25. Hurry up, kids! The school bus ______ for us！(四川)

A. waits B. was waiting

C. waited D. is waiting

26. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers ______ one of the main pipes.(天津)

A. had repaired B. have repaired

C. repaired D. are repairing

27. During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs ______ sharply.(浙江)

A. was increasing B. has increased

C. had increased D. will be increasing

28. I felt very tired when I got home, and I ______ straight to bed.(重庆)

A. go B. went

C. had gone D. have gone

29. A Midsummer Night's Dream ______ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.(重庆)

A. opens B. is opened

C. will open D. will be opened

30. I'm calling about the apartment you ______ the other day. Could you tell me more about it？(安徽)

A. advertised B. had advertised

C. are advertising D. will advertise

2014届模拟题：

31. Mr. Black ______ for Shanghai in a few days. Do you know when the earliest plane ______ on Sunday？(中原名校联盟高三上期第一次摸底考试)

A. leaves; takes off

B. leaves; is taking off

C. is leaving; is taking off

D. is leaving; takes off

32. The shoes are of high quality and ______ long.(中原名校联盟高三上期第一次摸底考试)

A. wore B. are worn

C. wear D. will be worn

33. Yesterday afternoon, I ______ basketball with my clas *** ates for two hours.(耒阳二中高三第一次月考摸底考试)

A. play B. played

C. have played D. had played

34. Over the past decades, sea ice ______ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.(黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学高三第一次月考)

A. had decreased

B. decreased

C. has been decreasing

D. is decreasing

35. Mr. White ______ his racing bicycle by himself yesterday, but I'm not sure whether it is ready.(衡阳市第八中学高三上期第二次月考)

A. repaired B. had repaired

C. was repairing D. would repair

36. It was reported that an agreement ______ between the two panies and that they would carry out a project together.(衡阳市第八中学高三上期第二次月考)

A. reached B. had been reached

C. was reached D. has been reached

37. Our new English teacher, who is said to have moved back to China, ______ in America for almost ten years.(安庆市望江中学高三上期期中考试)

A. lived B. has lived

C. was living D. had lived

38. He ______ football regularly for many years when he was young.(桂林市十八中高三上期第三次月考)

A. was playing B. has played

C. played D. had played

39. — How did you catch the thief?

— Well, he ______ some goods into his bag when I came around a corner in the shop. So I caught him.(吉林市普通中学高三开学摸底考试)

A. was putting B. was put

C. have put D. had put

40. — Dear me! I ______ you at first sight! But you do have changed a lot!

— Nor ______ I! You are no longer the Fat Girl! (淮安市清江中学高三上学期第一次月考)

A. haven't recognized; have

B. hadn't recognized; had

C. don't recognize; do

D. didn't recognize; did

41. — Hi, Michelle，I can't find my e?dictionary.

— Sorry, I ______ it. I guess I put it on the top shelf with my things.(江西省红色六校高三上学期第一次联考)

A. had used B. used

C. was using D. am using

42. There are frequently reports of accidents as fireworks ______， stored or transported. (辽宁省瓦房店高级中学高三10月月考)

A. have been made

B. are being made

C. were made

D. have made

43. — Mr. Harry, we want to hear what you think about the reform being carried out in our school.

— OK, I ______ to that.(潍坊市潍坊一中高三上学期10月份阶段性检测)

A. am ing B. have e

C. came D. e

44. Since Jack was laid off from his job three months ago, he ______ a new one, but without luck.(潍坊市潍坊一中高三上学期10月份阶段性检测)

A. looked for B. had looked for

C. is looking for D. has been looking for

45. Rain and high winds today ______ to take the place of yesterday's mild conditions.(烟台二中高三10月月考)

A. expect B. are expected

C. are expecting D. has expected

46. She gave me half, and ______ the other half for her hu *** and.(枣庄市滕州一中高三10月第一次单元测试)

A. kept B. had kept

C. keeps D. will keep

47. The puters made by our pany sell best, but several years ago no one could have imagined the role in the markets that they ______. (西安市长安区一中高三上学期第一次模拟考试)

A. were playing B. were to play

C. had played D. played

48. — You've left the light on.

— Oh, so I have. ______ to turn it off.(福建省德化一中高三上学期第二次质检)

A. I'll go B. I've gone

C. I go D. I'm going

49. Japan's economy ______ in the past twenty years. No one knows how long it ______ before it regains its increase.(成都七中高三上学期期中考试)

A. has been declining; will be

B. has declined; would be

C. had been in decline; would take

D. was on the decline; will take

50. The news came as no surprise to me. I ______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.(泸州市泸县第九中学高三上学期第一次诊断模拟考试)

A. knew B. know

C. have known D. had known

Ⅱ.根据句子提供的语境，用动词的适当形式(时态和语态)完成句子

1. The play which ________________ (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.

2. Please do me a favor — ________________ (invite)my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight.

3. The government plans to bring in new laws which ________________ (force) parents to take more responsibilities for the education of their children.

4. A *** all plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city and ________________ (kill) all four people on board.

5. There is a great deal of evidence which ________________ (indicate) that music activities engage different parts of the brain.

6. Michael's new house is like a huge palace, if it ________________ (pare) with his old one.

7. — Why does the lake *** ell terrible?

— Because large quantities of water ________________ (pollute)．

8. According to the literary review, Shakespeare ________________ (make) his charities live through their language in his plays.

9. Would you please keep silent? The weather report ________________ (broadcast) and I want to listen.

10. — The food here is nice enough.

— My friend ________________ (introduce) me a right place.

11. — What is the price of petrol these days?

— Oh, it ________________ (rise) sharply since last month.

12. His sister left home in 1998, and ________________ (hear of) since.

13. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ________________ (rise) steadily since 1990.

14. I was out of town at the time, so I don't know exactly how it ________________ (happen).

15. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ________________ (visit) Beijing next summer.

16. Mary went to the box office at lunchtime, but all the tickets ________________ (sell) out.

17. — What do you think of the movie?

— It's fantastic. The only pity is that I ________________ (miss) the beginning of it.

18. She stared at the painting, wondering where she ________________ (see) it.

19. — I've got to go now.

— Must you? I ________________ (think)you could stay for dinner with us.

20. Progress ________________ (be) so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.

21. The population of Jiangsu ________________ (grow)to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million.

22. — Good morning, Terry, can I use your puter for a while this afternoon?

— Sorry. It ________________ (use)．

23. — Ann is in hospital.

— Oh, really? I ________________ (not know). I ________________ (go) and visit her.

24. Great changes ________________ (take) place at the end of the 1980s.

25. Great changes ________________ (take) place since the end of the 1980s.

26. Great changes ________________ (take) place by the end of the 1980s.

27. When I last saw her, she ________________ (read) Harry Potter.

28. When the meeting ________________ (begin)，please e and take some notes. I think you know when the meeting ________________ (begin)．

第6节

Ⅰ.1. D　根据问句：你想当什么？可知时态为一般将来时态，故答案选D。

2. A　根据标志词every night及意识到句中will表示一种习惯性动作，故使用一般现在时态。

3. D　nothing与do之间为被动关系，只能选B、D；主句用一般将来时态可知，条件状语从句使用一般现在时态表示将来。故答案选D。

4. C　根据标志词for the last three days用现在完成时态，故答案选C。

5. B　根据语境，没去听课，是因为“在”做作业，用进行时。时间状语是“yesterday afternoon”所以用过去进行时态，故答案选B。

6. C　根据标志词over the past years应使用现在完成时态。

7. B　句意：你认为父母会迟到吗？故答案选B。

8. B　根据Hurry up！可知，Mark和Carol正在等我们。故选B，现在进行时态。

9. C　applicants与interview之间为被动关系，用被动语态；且句子描述一般情况，用一般现在时态。故答案选C。

10. C　句意：我们会很早离开，所以我们前一天晚上就打好包了，故使用过去进行时表过去将来的动作。故答案选C。

11. C　主句用一般将来时态，从句应使用一般现在时态，故答案选C。

12. A　句意：第一次见到Bryan时我不喜欢他，但现在我已经改变我的想法了。

13. D　句意：我那天本要去看你，但我不得不打电话取消， e的过去进行时态表过去将来。

14. B　句意：“卖”用sold，一般过去时， “拥有”是 “卖”之前的事，故用过去完成时态。

15. B　句意：我们充满信心……，证明此事还未发生，故使用一般将来时态，故答案选B。

16. B　句意：我认为我不会喜欢这部**，而实际上这是部相当好的**。根据上下时态一致，用一般过去时态陈述过去的事实。

17. C　句意：——我们太晚了，火车已经离开。——没关系，我们可以赶下一趟火车去伦敦。“已经离开”用现在完成时。

18. B　as well as之前的musician为句子主语， 对应谓语使用单数；再根据标志性词语at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo可知应使用一般过去时态。故答案选B。

19. D　根据标志词over the last three years 可知答案为D。

20. A　主语为motivation，故谓语为单数；根据语境及generally可知，描述的为一般情况，故使用一般现在时态，故答案选A。

21. A　句意为：——明天早上我可以用下你的车吗？——当然。我那时将会在家写报告。将来进行时态，表示将来的某一时间段正在发生的动作。故答案选A。

22. A　句意：我们昨天的自驾旅行是一次颠簸的旅行。故选一般过去时态。

23. A　根据标志词on Monday mornings，usually可以判断应用一般现在时态。故答案选A。

24. C　固定句型：was/ were doing sth. when…意为：正在做某事的时候，突然……。故答案选C，表示这一动作在过去一直在进行。

25. D　句意：快点，校车正在等我们。用现在进行时态，故答案选D。

26. D　句意：暂时断水了，因为工人在修一个主管道。根据句意，选现在进行时态。

27. B　根据标志词during the last three decades，用现在完成时态，故答案选B。

28. B　根据上下时态一致原则，and前后都应使用一般过去时态。

29. A　句意：《仲夏夜之梦》于6月19日在皇家剧院首映，然后在苏格兰各地巡回演出。根据上下时态一致原则，and前后时态一致，根据tours可知，and后也用一般现在时态。open在句中表示开演，用主动。

30. A　句中the other day为标志词，应用一般过去时。

31. D　第一空in a few days几天后用于一般将来时。第二空时刻表的动作用一般现在时表示将来。所以选D。

32. C　句意：鞋子质量好而且穿得久(耐穿)。事物的特征用一般现在时态的主动语态，所以选C。

33. B　yesterday afternoon为一般过去时的标志词，所以选B。

34. C　over the past (last) decades 为现在完成时的标志词，所以只有C正确。

35. C　根据上下文“我不知道他修好没有”，所以选过去进行时表示“昨天他在修自行车”。

36. B　根据上下文“两个公司之间已达成协议”，用完成时表示“已经”。另外，主句是一般过去时。所以从句相应用过去完成时。

37. A　根据上下文，老师现在已经搬回中国了，生活在美国是过去的经历，用一般过去时态。故答案选A。

38. C　when he was young是具体的过去时间，所以用一般过去时态。故答案选C。

39. A　根据上下文，“当我到商店的时候，他正把东西放进口袋”，所以用过去进行时态，故答案选A。

40. D　第一空是说第一眼没认出来(后来认出来了)，所以用一般过去时，第二空是倒装句，需要助动词，因为这句话完整的是：I didn't recognize you either，用倒装句是Nor did I。故答案选D。

41. B　根据上下文，“我用了(电子字典)”，是对话之前的动作，用一般过去时态。故答案选B。

42. B　根据上下文“烟花爆竹在生产，储存和运输过程中频出事故”，过程中用进行时态表示，只有B正确。

43. A　根据上下文“好的，我就说”，e, go, leave, move等表位移的动词用进行时表示将来，所以选A。

44. D　根据since句型，since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。根据下文，“没有找到”，所以强调“一直在找”。所以选D。

45. B　根据上下文，“今天的大雨和大风”，用现在时。be expected to do“有望做……”，所以选B。

46. A　根据上下文，两个谓语动词并列，时态保持一致，gave为一般过去时，所以选A。

47. B　根据上下文“几年前，没人会想象它们在市场上所起的作用”，想象的是未来的事情，两者结合所以用过去将来时。were to do表示过去将来时。

48. A　根据上下文“哦，是的。我就去把它关了”，说话者表示临时的决定，用will do。be going to do表示计划好的事情。所以选A。

49. A　in the past(last) twenty years为现在完成时态的标志，根据下文，“没人知道什么时候再恢复增长”，时间状语从句中regains用现在时表示将来，所以第二空用一般将来时。所以A正确。

50. D　根据标志词for some time可知用完成时态，根据上文“消息传来，我一点不奇怪”，可见在消息传来之前就已经知道了。根据came一般过去时，选择过去完成时。

Ⅱ.1. will be produced　2. invite　3. force　4. killed　5. indicates　6. is pared　7. have been polluted　8. makes　9. is being broadcast　10. introduced　11. has risen　12. has not been heard of　13. has been rising　14.happened　15. is going to visit/will visit　16. had been sold　17. missed　18. had seen　19. thought　20. has been　21. has grown　22. will be being used　23. didn't know; will go　24. took　25. have taken　26. had taken　27. was reading　28. begins; will begin

1. 虞漙字允源

虞溥字允源，高平昌邑人也。

父秘，为偏将军，镇陇西。溥从父之官，专心坟籍。

郡察孝廉，除郎中，补尚书都令史。稍迁公车司马令，除鄱阳内史。

大修庠序，广招学徒，移告属县曰：“学所以定情理性而积众善者也。情定于内而行成于外，积善于心而名显于教，故中人之性随教而移，善积则习与性成。

唐虞之时，皆比屋而可封，及其废也，而云可诛，岂非化以成俗，教移人心者哉！自汉氏失御，天下分崩，江表寇隔，久替王教，庠序之训，废而莫修。今四海一统，万里同轨，熙熙兆庶，咸休息乎太和之中，宜崇尚道素，广开学业，以赞协时雍，光扬盛化。”

乃具为条制。于是至者七百余人。

溥乃作诰以奖训之，曰：文学诸生皆冠带之流，年盛志美，始涉学庭，讲修典训，此大成之业，立德之基也。夫圣人之道淡而寡味，故始学者不好也。

及至期月，所观弥博，所习弥多，日闻所不闻，日见所不见，然后心开意朗，敬业乐群，忽然不觉大化之陶己，至道之入神也。故学之染人，甚于丹青。

丹青吾见其久而渝矣，未见久学而渝者也。夫工人之染，先修其质，后事其色，质修色积，而染工毕矣。

2015四川高考试题阅读答案 虞溥字允源，高平昌邑人也2015四川高考试题阅读答案 虞溥字允源，高平昌邑人也。学亦有质，孝悌忠信是也。

君子内正其心，外修其行，行有余力，则以学文，文质彬彬，然后为德。夫学者不患才不及，而患志不立，故曰希骥之马，亦骥之乘，希颜之徒，亦颜之伦也。

又曰锲而舍之，朽木不知；锲而不舍，金石可亏。斯非其效乎！今诸生口诵圣人之典，体闲庠序之训，比及三年，可以小成。

而令名宣流，雅誉日新，朋友钦而乐之，朝士敬而叹之。于是州府交命，择官而仕，不亦美乎！若乃含章舒藻，挥翰流离，称述世务，探赜究奇，使杨、班韬笔，仲舒结舌，亦惟才所居，固无常人也。

然积一勺以成江河，累微尘以崇峻极，匪志匪勤，理无由济也。诸生若绝人间之务，心专亲学，累一以惯之，积渐以进之，则亦或迟或速，或先或后耳，何滞而不通，何远而不至邪！溥为政严而不猛，风化大行，有白乌集于郡庭。

注《春秋》经、传，撰《江表传》及文章诗赋数十篇。（节选自《晋书·虞溥传》）8.下列句子中加点词的解释，不正确的一项是A.自汉氏失御 御：控制。

B.未见久学而渝者也 渝：违背。C.夫工人之染 染：着色。

D.朝士敬而叹之 叹：赞叹。[来源：学优高考网]9.下列各句中加点词的意义和用法，都相同的一项是A.岂非化以成俗 始以强壮出B.成休息乎太和之中 相与枕藉乎舟中C.甚于丹青 善假于物也D.朋友钦而乐之 秦以城求璧而赵不许10.把第1卷文言文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。

（8分）（1）夫学者不患才不及，而患志不立，故曰希骥之马，亦骥之乘，希颜之徒，亦颜之伦也。（4分）（2）然积一勺以成江河，累微尘以崇峻极，匪志匪勤，理无由济也。

（4分）11.第1卷文言文中，虞溥在奖训学人时对学习目标、态度和方法提出了哪些要求？请简要概括。（5分）答案8.B9.B10.(1)学习的人，不必忧虑才能不够，而应忧虑志向不立；所以说，希望成为千里马的马，会成为千里马那样的马，希望成为颜渊那样的那类人，也会成为和颜渊一类的人。

（2）然而积累每一勺水来形成江河，积累微小的灰尘来形成崇山峻岭，没有志向，没有勤奋，按理说没有理由成功。11.目标：树立美好的品德，有一颗正直的心，有良好的处世之道，二者相得益彰。

态度：为了心目中的理想目标而积极努力，拥有这样的向上的奋斗的心态。方法：坚持去做，不断努力，积少成多。

参考译文虞溥字允源，是高平昌邑人。父虞秘，是偏将军，镇守陇西。

虞溥跟随父亲到陇西，专心研读古代典籍。被郡中推举为孝廉，任郎中，补尚书都令史。

不久迁任公车司马令，任鄱阳内史。大建学校，广招学生门徒，转发文书通告属县说：“学习是用来坚定情操涵养性情而积累众多优良品质的途径。

情操在心中确立了就体现在行为上，优良品质形成了名望就在教化中显露，所以中等人品的人随着教化而转移，优良品质积累起来好的习性也就形成了。唐、虞的时候，家家都可以封爵，等到衰落的时候，又家家都可以诛杀，这难道不是教化用来培养习俗，用来改变人的品性吗？自从汉氏失去控制以来，天下分崩离析，江表被寇乱隔绝，王者的教化长期废弛，学校教育被荒废而无法进行。

现在四海一统，万里统一，亿万民众都在太平的环境中休养生息，应当崇尚道德，广开学业，以帮助协调社会的和谐，光大发扬昌明的教化。”就具体地制定了条例规定。

于是来求学者有七百多人。虞溥便作文诰勉励训诫他们说：来读书的学生都是绅士之流，年轻志盛，刚开始涉足学业，学习研究经典，这是有大作为的事，树立道德的基础。

圣人的学问淡而少味，所以初学的人不喜欢。等到满了一年以后，阅读的书籍更加广博，学习的知识更加众多，天天听到未听说过的，天天看到未见到过的，然后胸襟开朗，敬业乐群，不觉得教化忽然使自己受到熏陶，至高无上的道理使自己达到神妙的境界。

所以学习对人的熏染，超过了颜料。我见到颜料时间一长就会褪色，没有见过长时间的学习而退步的。

工匠染布时，。

2. 文言文翻译

任末（东汉人）年十四时，学无常师（固定的老师），负笈不远险阻（不怕路途遥远，道路难行）。每（经常）言人而（如果）不学，则何以成。或（有时）依林木之下，编茅为庵（ān，小草屋），削荆（一种有棘的植物）为笔，刻树汁为墨；夜则映星望月（指在月光下读书），暗则缚（捆扎）麻蒿（hāo，两种植物名称，点燃后可照明）自照。观书有合意者，题（写）其衣裳，以记其事。门徒（指门人）悦其勤学，更以净衣易之。非圣人之言不视。临终诫曰：“夫（句首发语词，无义）人之好学，虽死犹存；不学者，虽存，谓之行尸走肉（死活人）耳。”

东汉时的任末，是个学识渊博的人。他14岁时就拜了很多老师，只要听到有名师可从，就不怕路途遥远，总要背着书箱上门求教。他常说人如果不好好学习，将来凭什么去完成一番事业。他贫穷无家，有时没有宿处，只在树下搭一个草棚，把荆棘削成笔，用树汁当墨水。夜晚在月光下看书，没有月亮的日子就点燃枯草杂木照明。平日里每当读书有体会时，便把心得写在衣服上。跟他学习的人都佩服他能刻苦勤学，为了要研读他写的心得体会，他们经常轮流用干净的衣服跟他交换。不是古代圣贤的著作他是不看的。临死时告诫后人说：“一个人如果终身好学习，即使死了还像活着一样；要是不好学习，即使活着也如同死了。”

3. 翻译蔡廷玉传

原文就算了 以下是我找的 应该没问题

郑濂，字仲德，是明朝时浦江人。到郑濂这一辈，郑家已经三百多年没有分家了，人称“义门”，太守赠匾“天下第一家”。郑家始终遵从先祖不听妇人言的训诫，这里说的当然是指不能听从妇人之话去干谋私利、有损孝义之道的事。

明太祖即位后，将郑濂召到京城，问他一家有多少人，郑濂回答说：“有一千多人。”明太祖说：“真的是天下第一家啊！”当时正值河南进贡香梨，明太祖于是赐给郑濂两枚香梨。郑濂双手捧着香梨往家走，皇帝命人偷偷跟在后面查看。

郑濂到家后，召来所有家人，然后向皇帝的住地叩首谢恩，又找来两个装满水的大缸，将香梨捣碎后放入缸中，然后让所有的家人分着喝。皇帝知道后非常高兴，于是亲书“孝义家”三大字赐之，并加盖玉玺。

后来有人诬告郑家结交叛逆罪人，官吏前去抓捕，郑家兄弟六人争相要跟随官吏前去，最后由郑濂的弟弟郑湜前往，当时郑濂正在京城，他赶去拦住弟弟说：“我是兄长，应该由我去。”弟弟说：“哥哥你已经老了，应当由我前往。”就这样，兄弟两人争相入狱。

明太祖知道后说：“像这样孝义的人，怎么会去追随他人叛逆呢？”随即将诬陷之人治罪，并重用郑家子弟为官。

永乐元年被征召入朝，留下担任原来的官职。不久，又辞官离去。

使者到来，打开看到的全是经史书籍，丢下另一半未打开，才免于祸患，人们认为是崇高品行感应的结果。

4. 文言文翻译

元佑初年，山谷与东坡、钱穆父一起到京城的宝梵寺游玩。

吃完饭，山谷写了几张草书，东坡对山谷的字很赞赏，而穆父在旁边观看过后说：鲁直（山谷的字）的字接近于俗气。山谷问：为什么？穆父说：没有其他原因，只是因为没有看过怀素的真迹。

山谷心里很疑惑，从此不肯再为别人写草书。绍圣中年，山谷被贬住在涪陵，第一次在石扬休家里看到怀素的《自叙》，所以借走回去临摹了很多天，几乎废寝忘食。

自此对于草书茅塞顿开，下笔飞动，写下的字与元佑年之前的字有很大的不同，山谷这才相信穆父的话不是胡说的。但是穆父已经过世了。

所以山谷曾经自己认为是在涪陵深得草书的真谛，遗憾的是穆父未能看到自己的书法。

5. 高中文言文翻译

王蓝田性急① 王蓝田性急。

尝食鸡子，以箸刺之②，不得，便大怒，举以掷地。鸡子于地圆转未止，仍下地以屐齿？之③，又不得，瞋甚④，复于地取内口中⑤，啮破即吐之。

王右军闻而大笑曰⑥："使安期有此性，犹当无一豪可论，况蓝田邪⑦？" 注释 注释 ①本篇写王述吃鸡蛋时急躁而可笑的行为。 原属《忿狷》第二则。

王蓝田，王述，字怀祖，太原晋阳（今山西太原市）人，袭封蓝田侯。官至散骑常侍、尚书令。

②箸（zhù助）：竹筷。刺：探取，夹取。

③仍：于是。屐：古人穿的一种木制鞋，鞋底由木齿支撑。

（zhǎn展）：踏，踩。 ④瞋（chēn抻）：怒。

⑤内：通"纳"，放入。 ⑥王右军：王羲之，字逸少。

曾任右军将军。 ⑦"使安期"三句：使，假使。

安期，王述父王承的字。王承曾任东海内史、从事中郎。

豪，通"毫"。当时士族名士尤重从容不迫，故王羲之对王述性急有此贬评。

王蓝田性急翻译 王蓝田（王述）性情急躁。 有一次吃鸡蛋，他拿筷子去叉，没叉着，顿时大怒，拿起鸡蛋就扔到地上。

鸡蛋着地后滴溜溜地转个不停，王蓝田又下地去用木屐的齿碾鸡蛋，还没碾着。王蓝田气疯了，把鸡蛋从地上拣起放到嘴里，嚼烂了就吐了出来。

王右军（王羲之）听说此事大笑道：" 即使安期（王蓝田父亲王承）有这个脾气，也没什么值得可取的，何况是王蓝田呢 。

6. 虞漙字允源

虞漙字允源，这句话意为有一个人，姓虞名溥，字允源。

原文： 虞溥字允源，高平昌邑人也。父秘，为偏将军，镇陇西。

溥从父之官，专心坟籍。郡察孝廉，除郎中，补尚书都令史。

稍迁公车司马令，除鄱阳内史。大修庠序，广招学徒，移告属县日：“学所以定情理性而积众善者也。

请定于内而行成于外，积善于心而名显于教，故中人之性随教而移，善积则习与性成。唐虞之对，皆比屋而可封，及其废也，而云可诛，岂非化以成俗，教移人心者哉！自汉氏失御，天下分崩，江表寇隔，久替王教，庠序之训，废而莫修。

今四海一统，万里同轨，熙熙兆庶，成体息乎太和之中，宜崇尚道素，广开学业，以赞协时雍，光扬盛化。”乃具为条制。

于是至者七百余人。溥乃作诰以奖训之，日：文学诸生皆冠带之流，年盎志美，始涉学庭，讲修典训，此大成之业，立德之基也。

夫圣人之道淡而寡味，故始学者不好也。及至期月，所观弥博，所习弥多，日闻所不闻，日见所不见，然后心开意朗，敬业乐群，忽然不觉大化之陶己，至道之入神也。

故学之染人，甚于丹青。丹青吾见其久而渝矣，未见久学而渝者也。

夫工人之染，先修其质，后事其色，质修色积，而染工毕矣。学亦有质，孝悌忠信是也。

君子内正其心，外修其行，行有余力，则以学文，文质彬彬，然后为德。夫学者不患才不及：而患志不立，故日希骥之马，亦骥之乘，希颜之徒，亦颜之伦也。

又日锲而舍之，朽木不知；锲而不舍，金石可亏。斯非其效乎！ 今诸生口诵圣人之典，体闲庠序之训，比及三年，可以小成。

而令名宣流，雅誉日新，朋友钦而乐之，朝士敬而叹之。于是州府交命，择官而仕，不亦关乎！若乃含章舒藻，挥翰流离，称述世务，探赜究奇，使杨、班韬笔，仲舒结舌，亦惟才所居，固无常人也。

然积一勺以成江河，累微尘以崇峻极，匪志匪勤，理无由济也。诸生若绝人间之务，心专亲学，累一以贡之，积渐以进之，则亦或迟或速，或先或后耳，何滞而不通，何远而不至邪！ 溥为政严而不猛，风化大行，有白鸟集于郡庭。

注《春秋》经、传，撰《/I表传》及交章诗赋数卡篇。 （节选自《晋书·虞溥传》） 古代人在名字方面比较严格。

分为姓、名、字三个部分。姓是记住祖宗用的；名是用来区别自己与他人的，字则是对名的注释。

古人的字，也称 ”表字“，是一个人的名字的注解、补充和延伸，与名相呼应，互为表里。在中国，并不是所有的人都有 “字”。

有身份、有地位、有文化的人，一般都有 “字”。 名和字一般在意义上都存在一定的联系。

有两种情况： 1、“名”和“字”词义相近或“字”是对“名”的进一步阐述，例如：屈原名平，字原，“原”是宽阔平坦的意思； 2、“名”和“字”意思相反的，例如：韩愈，字退之。后人取字，通常是以两个为“字”，例如诸葛亮字孔明。

古人通常尊敬对方称自己名，表示自己谦卑时也称自己名。如“不然籍何以至此？”中的“籍”就是项羽自呼己名，表示对对方的尊敬。

除了名和字之外，古人还有别号。别号是名和字以外的称号。

古时，人们为了尊重别人，一般不直呼其名，也不称其字，而称其别号。号和名不一定有意义上的联系。

号可以有两个字的，也可以有三个以上字的。例如：陆游，号放翁；陶潜，号五柳先生；苏轼，号东坡居士。

字数多的别号有时可以缩为两个字，如苏东坡。 此外，有人认为称别人的字、号还不够尊敬，于是就以其官职、籍贯来称呼，如杜甫被称为杜工部，称柳宗元为“柳河东”。