历年英语高考阅读理解-历年英语高考阅读理解答案

1.2012年高考英语上海卷 - 阅读理解C

2.2012年高考英语全国卷2 - 阅读理解C

3.2012年高考英语北京卷 - 阅读理解B

4.2010年高考英语江苏卷 - 阅读理解A

2012年高考英语上海卷 - 阅读理解C

Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) he discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.

加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）心理学系的研究人员发现，男性和女性对压力的反应方式存在重大差异，这种差异可能解释了为什么男性更容易患压力相关疾病。

Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women he the same "fight-or-flight" reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behior, such as verbal or physical conflict ("fight"), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation ("flight"). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women he quite different biological and behioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often he another kind of reaction which could be called "tend and befriend." That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young ("tend"), and by looking for social contact and support from others - especially other females ('befriend").

到目前为止，心理学研究一直认为，男性和女性对压力都有相同的“战斗或逃跑”反应。换句话说，个体要么以攻击性行为应对，比如言语或身体冲突（“打架”），要么从压力情境中退出（“逃跑”）。然而，UCLA 的研究团队发现，男性和女性对压力的生理和行为反应截然不同。虽然男性通常会在战斗或逃跑反应中对压力做出反应，但女性通常会有另一种反应，可以称之为“照顾友好”也就是说，她们经常通过保护和养育自己的孩子（“照顾”）以及寻求他人——尤其是其他女性（“友好”）的社会联系和支持来应对压力。

Scientists he long known that in the fight-or- flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin,has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor,explained that "animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious." While men also secrete oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.

科学家们早就知道，在对抗或逃避压力的反应中，身体释放的某些激素起着重要作用。UCLA 的研究团队认为，女性的照顾友好反应也基于激素。这种激素称为催产素，研究过对于分娩的作用，但现在正在研究它在男性和女性对压力的反应中的作用。首席研究员雪莱·E·泰勒博士解释说，“催产素水平高的动物和人更冷静、更放松、更社交，也不那么焦虑。”虽然男性也分泌催产素，但男性激素会降低催产素的作用。

In terms of everyday behior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.

在日常行为方面，UCLA 研究发现，女性在感受到压力时往往比男性更可能寻求社会帮助。他们可能会给亲戚朋友打电话，或者在迷茫时寻找指引。

The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.

这项研究还表明，在一天紧张的工作之后，当父母回到家中时，他们的反应是不同的。父亲通常希望独处，享受一些安宁，而母亲通常将注意力集中在孩子和他们的需求上，来应对工作中糟糕的一天。

The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women he lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behior. The tend-and-befriend regulatory system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on erage live longer than men.

压力反应的差异可能解释了一个事实，即女性患压力相关疾病的频率较低，如高血压或攻击性行为。照顾友好调节系统可以保护女性免受压力，这可以解释为什么女性平均寿命比男性长。

2012年高考英语全国卷2 - 阅读理解C

Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A woman's smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.

面部表情的含义由场合和关系决定。例如，在美国文化中微笑通常是一种快乐的表达，不过也有其他含义，女人对警察微笑与她对小孩的微笑含义不同。微笑可以表示爱或礼貌，也可以隐藏真实的感情。它经常引起跨文化的困惑。例如，在俄罗斯，许多人当众对陌生人微笑是不寻常的，甚至是不恰当的。然而，许多美国人在公共场所对陌生人随意微笑（尽管在大城市并不常见）。一些俄罗斯人认为美国人微笑的场合不当；一些美国人认为俄罗斯人笑得不够。在东南亚文化中，微笑经常被用来掩饰痛苦的感觉。越南人可能会讲一个悲伤的故事，但以微笑结束故事。

Our faces show emotions, but we should not attempt to "read" people from another culture as we would "read" someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.

我们的脸上流露出情感，但我们不应该像“阅读”来自我们自己文化的人一样，试图“阅读”来自另一种文化的人。事实上一种文化的成员不像另一种文化的成员那样公开表达自己的情感，并不意味着他们没有经历情感。相反，在允许的面部表情数量上存在文化差异。例如，在公开场合和正式场合，许多日本人不像美国人那样自由地表达自己的情感，而和朋友在一起时，日本人和美国人似乎表现出相似的情感。

It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States. People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of "reading" the other person incorrectly.

由于美国的个人和文化差异，很难对美国人和面部表情进行概括。在美国，来自某些文化背景的人似乎比其他人更善于表达自己的观点，关键是不要评判那些表达情感方式不同的人。如果我们根据自己的文化习惯来判断，我们可能会犯错误地“阅读”他人。

2012年高考英语北京卷 - 阅读理解B

Peanuts to This

从花生到这

Proudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes. Confused, I glanced toward my stone-faced teacher．Hing no choice, I slowly raised the report I had sled over, hoping to hide myself．“What could be causing everyone to act this way?”

我自豪地读着我的文章，环视了一下教室，同学们笑得眼泪都要流出来了。我困惑地朝我那面无表情的老师看了一眼。我别无选择，缓缓地举起我费尽心机写的报告，希望能找个地方把自己给藏起来。“大家这是怎么了？”

Quickly, I flashed back to the day Miss Lancelot ge me the task. This was the first real talk I received in my new school. It seemed simple: go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington. Since my idea of history came from an ancient teacher in my home country, I had never heard of that name before. As I searched the name of this fellow, it became evident that there were two people bearing the same name who looked completely different! One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts, while the other led some sort of army across America. I stared at the screen, wondering which one my teacher meant. I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice; flip a coin. Heads－the commander, and tails－the peanuts guy. Ah! Tails, my report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter, George Washington Carver．

我快速回想起兰斯洛特**给我分配任务的那天，这是我在新学校里第一次真正的演讲。看起来很简单：上网查找一个名叫乔治·华盛顿的人的资料。由于我对历史的认识来自我家乡的一位年长老师，我以前从未听说过这个名字。当我搜索这个人的名字时，很明显，有两个同名的人看起来完全不同！其中一个发明了数百种花生的用途，而另一个则带领着一支军队横扫美国。我盯着屏幕，想知道我的老师指的是哪一种。我打电话给我爷爷，他让我掷硬币。正面——指挥官，反面——花生人。啊！我的报告是关于发明花生酱的伟人乔治·华盛顿·卡弗的。

Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly class, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear，“My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quiet! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?

几周后，站在这个不友好的班级面前，我完全不知所措。哦，好吧，我放下报纸，坐在课桌前，急切地想知道我做错了什么。当一位同学开始他的报告时，一切都变得清晰起来，“我的报告是关于乔治·华盛顿的，他是美国革命的先驱。”整个世界都安静了！我怎么知道老师指的是乔治·华盛顿？

Obviously, my grade was awful．Heartbroken but fearless, I decided to turn this around．I talked to Miss Lancelot, but she insisted：No re-dos; no new grade．I felt that the punishment was not justified, and I believed I deserved a second chance．Consequently, I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year．Ten months later, that chance unfolded as I found myself sitting in the headmaster's office with my grandfather, now hing an entirely different conversation．I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster informed me of my option to skip the sixth grade．Justice is sweet!

显然，我的成绩很糟糕。心碎但无所畏惧，我决定扭转局面。我和兰斯洛特**谈过，但她坚持说：不要再来了；分数不会改。我觉得惩罚是不合理的，我认为我应该得到第二次机会。因此，我在学年剩下的时间里全力以赴地投入到学习中。十个月后，当我发现自己和祖父坐在校长办公室时，这个机会开始了，现在有了一个完全不同的对话。我笑了笑，回忆飞速定格到了年初校长通知我选择跳过六年级的那个尴尬时刻。公平是甜蜜的！

2010年高考英语江苏卷 - 阅读理解A

Usually, when your teacher asks a question, there is only one correct answer. But there is one question that has millions of current answers. That question is "What's your name?" Everyone gives a different answer，but everyone is correct.

通常，当你的老师问一个问题时，只有一个正确答案。但有一个问题目前有数百万个答案，这个问题就是“你叫什么名字？”每个人给出不同的答案，但每个人都是正确的。

He you ever wondered about people's names? Where do they come from? What do they mean?

你有没有想过人们的名字？它们来自哪里？是什么意思

People's first names, or given names, are chosen by their parents. Sometimes the name of a grandparent or other member of the family is used. Some parents choose the name of a well-known person．A boy could be named George Washington Smith; a girl could be named Helen Keller Jones.

人们的名字由父母决定。有时使用祖父母或其他家庭成员的名字。一些父母选择名人的名字，男孩可以叫乔治·华盛顿·史密斯，女孩可以叫海伦·凯勒·琼斯。

Some people give their children names that mean good things．Clara means"bright"; Beatrice means "one who gives hiness"; Donald means"world ruler"; Leonard means"as bre as a lion"．

有些人给孩子起的名字意味着好的寓意。Clara（克拉拉）的意思是“聪明的”；Beatrice（比阿特丽斯）的意思是“给人幸福的人”；Donald（唐纳德）的意思是“世界统治者”；Leonard（伦纳德）的意思是“像狮子一样勇敢”。

The earliest last names, or surnames, were taken from place names. A family with the name Brook or Brooks probably lived near brook; someone who was called Longstreet probably lived on a long, ped road. The Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest．

最早的姓氏来自地名。Brook（布鲁克）或Brooks（布鲁克斯）家族可能住在brook（小溪）旁；一个叫Longstreet的人可能住在一条长长的公路上。Greenwood一家住在一片茂密的森林里或附近。

Other early surnames came from people's occupations. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were very important workers in every town and village. Some other occupational names are: Carter﹣a person who owned or drove a cart; Potter﹣a person who made pots and pans．

其他早期姓氏来自人们的职业。最常见的职业名称是Smith，意思是用铁或其他金属制造物品的人。过去，smith是每个城镇和村庄非常重要的工人。其他一些职业名称是：Carter﹣拥有或驾驶手推车的人；Potter﹣制造锅碗瓢盆的人。

The ancestors of the Baker family probably baked bread for their neighbors in their native village．The Carpenter's great-great-great-grandfather probably built houses and furniture. Sometimes people were known for the color of their hair or skin, or their size, or their special abilities. When there were two men who were named John in the same village, the John with the gray hair probably became John Gray. Or the John was very tall could call himself John Tallman. John Fish was probably an excellent swimmer and John Lightfoot was probably a fast runner or a good dancer.

Baker（贝克）家族的祖先可能为他们家乡的邻居烤面包。Carpenter的远祖可能建造房屋和家具。有时，人们因头发或皮肤的颜色、体型或特殊能力而闻名。当同一个村子里有两个叫John（约翰）的人时，灰色头发的约翰可能会变成John Gray。或者John很高，可以称自己为John Tallman。John Fish可能是一名优秀的游泳运动员，John Lightfoot可能是一名跑步运动员或优秀的舞者。

Some family names were made by adding something to the father's name. English-speaking people added -s or -son. The Johnsons are descendants of John; the Roberts family's ancestor was Robert. Irish and Scottish people added Mac or Mc or O. Perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the McDonnells and the O'Donnells are descendants of the same Donnell.

有些姓氏是在父亲的名字上加了一些字母。说英语添加-s获-son。Johnsons一家是John的后代；Roberts一家的祖先是Robert。爱尔兰和苏格兰人添加Mac或Mc或O。也许所有的MacDonnells家族、McDonnells家族和O'Donnells家族都是Donnell家族的后代。